Open Access
Table 1
Comparison of some ceramic powders synthesis routes.
| Synthesis route | Solid state process | Co-precipitation | Hydro-thermal | Sol–gel | Spray pyrolysis |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Composition control | Poor | Good | Excellent | Medium | Excellent |
| Morphology control | Poor | Medium | Good | Medium | Good |
| Particle size (nm) | >1000 | >100 | 10–100 | >10 | >10 |
| Hard agglomerates | Medium | High | Low | Medium | Low |
| Impurities (%) | 0.5–1 | Max. 0.5 | Max. 0.5 | 0.1–0.5 | 0.1–0.5 |
| Additional steps | Calcination, milling | Calcination, milling | No | Calcination, milling | No |
| Scalability | Industrial | Industrial | Demonstration | Demonstration | R&D |
| Environmental impact | High | Moderate | Low | High | Moderate |
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