Table 1
Summary of relevant data extracted from the selected articles.
| Substrate material | Type of nanoparticles (diameter in nm) | Type of study | Type of cell/organism | Type of laboratorial analysis |
Type of biocompatibility test |
Experimental/incubation period |
Was antibacterial effect tested for? | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Titanium | Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) (∼58) |
In vitro | Dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) |
Alamar Blue assay® and SEM |
Cell viability | 14 days | yes | [17] |
| Ti13Zr13Nb | AgNPs (∼50) | In vitro | MC3T3-E1 | MTS assay | Cell proliferation | 3 and 7 days | yes | [18] |
| Nickel–titanium (NiTi) | AgNPs (∼230) | In vitro | Human bone mesenchymal stem cells (hBMSCs) | CCK-8 assay | Cytotoxicity | 1, 2, and 3 days | yes | [19] |
| Ti6Al4V and Ti6Al4V/TNT5 alloys |
AgNPs (18–115) | In vitro | Murine fibroblast cell line L929, Human osteoblast-like MG63 cells | MTT assay SEM |
Cell adhesion and proliferation | 24, 72 and 120 hr | yes | [11] |
| Commercially pure titanium (cp-Ti) | Silica-gentamycin (∼298) | In vitro | Human skin fibroblasts | CCK-8 assay SEM |
Cytotoxicity Cell adhesion and proliferation |
2 hr 24 hr |
yes | [20] |
| Ti | AgNPs (10–30) | In vitro | Human osteoblast-like cells MG63 | MTT assay | Osteoblasts adhesion and proliferation Cytotoxicity | 24, 48, 120 hr, and 7 days | yes | [21] |
| Medically pure Ti | AgNPs (10–40) | In vitro | Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (rBMMSCs) |
CellTiter-Blue® cell viability assay PicoGreen dsDNA assay kit CLSM |
Cell viability Normalized alkaline phosphatase activity Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) quantity |
1, 4, and 7 days 3 days |
yes | [22] |
| cp-Ti | TiO2 (100–360) | In vitro | Simulated body fluid (SBF) Human foetal osteoblastic cell lines |
Biominerilisation studies MTT assay SEM analysis |
Apatite-forming ability Cell adhesion and proliferation, cytotoxicity Cell adhesion and proliferation |
21 days 1 and 3 days ∼5 days |
yes | [23] |
| cp-Ti | AgNPs (∼10) | In vitro | MC3T3-E1 | WST-1 SEM ALP test Filamentous actin (F-actin) staining |
Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity Morphology of cells on substrate ALP activity Cytoskeleton organization of cells grown |
1, 3, 5, and 7 days 10 days 1 hr |
yes | [24] |
| Ti | AgNPs (∼100) | In vitro | Human gingival fibroblasts (hGFs) | MTT assay FL SEM |
Cell viability Cell morphology and cytoskeletal architecture Cell attachment and proliferation |
1, 2, 4, 6, and 8 days 24 hr 3 and 12 hr |
yes | [25] |
| cp-Ti and Ti6Al4V alloy | AgNPs (20– 200) | In vitro | Human osteosarcoma cells (MG63) | MTT assay | Cells viability | 4 hr | yes | [26] |
| TiAI6V4 alloy | AgNPs (25) | In vitro | MC3T3-E1 | FL | Cells viability | 2 and 4 days | yes | [27] |
| cp-Ti | AgNPs (<100) | In vitro | human mesenchymal stromal cells (hMSCs) | MTT assay SEM analysis FL Matrix formation analysis qRT-PCR analysis |
Cells viability: metabolic activity of cells Morphology of cells on substrate Cells attachment, spreading, and morphology Collagenous and noncollagenous contents of extracellular matrix Levels of osteogenic genes on substrate |
1, 3, and 6 days 2 and 4 days 3 h, 1 and 6 days 10 and 17 days 14 days |
no | [28] |
| cp-Ti | TiO2 (20) | In vitro | L929 murine fibroblasts | SEM | Cell attachment and growth | 48 hr | no | [29] |
| Ti | AgNPs (∼5) | In vitro | MC3T3-E1 | CLSM FL ALP test |
Cell proliferation, cytotoxicity Cell morphology Osteoblastic differentiation |
1, 3 and 5 days 5 days 7, 14 and 21 days |
yes | [30] |
| cp-Ti | AgNPs (100–150) | In vitro | Human gingival fibroblasts HGF-1, human osteoblast U-2 OS | FL MTT assay Cell cycle evaluation |
Cell growth on substrate Cytotoxicity Cell proliferative activity |
96 hr 72 and 96 hr 72 and 96 hr |
no | [31] |
| Ti | AgNPs (∼30) | In vitro | MC3T3-E1 | FL and FE-SEM CCK-8 assay |
Cell adhesion and morphology Cytotoxicity |
1 day 1 − 4 hr |
yes | [32] |
| cp-Ti | AgNPs | In vitro | Human foetal osteoblast cells (hFOB) | MTT assay SEM |
Cell proliferation early cell adhesion Cytotoxicity |
4 and 7 days ∼24 hr |
no | [33] |
| cp-Ti | AgNPs | In vitro | Rat bone marrow stem cells (rBMSCs) | SEM analysis Alamar Blue assay |
Cells attachment and spreading Proliferation rate |
1, 3 or 7 days 3 and 7 days |
yes | [34] |
| Ti | AgNPs (20–30) | In vitro In vivo |
MC3T3-E1 Rabbits |
Cell counting kit-8 ALP test Alizarin red staining Radiographic evaluation Histological evaluation |
Cytotoxicity Cell differentiation Degree of mineralization New bone formation |
3, 5, and 7 days 7 and 14 days 15 and 21 days 8 weeks |
yes | [35] |
| cp-Ti | AgNPs (20–50) | In vitro | MC3T3-E1 | FL MTT assay ALP assay |
Cell attachment and proliferation Cell differentiation | 12 h, 24 h and 5 days 4, 7 and 10 days |
yes | [36] |
AgNPs = silver nanoparticles; ALP= alkaline phosphatase; CCK-8 = Cell Counting Kit-8; CLSM = confocal laser scanning microscopy; cp-Ti = commercial pure titanium; DNA = deoxyribonucleic acid; FL = fluorescence microscopy; MC3T3-E1= mouse osteoblast precursor cell line; MTS = (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-5-(3-carboxymethoxyphenyl)-2-(4-sulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium); MTT= 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide; PCR = polymerase chain reaction; rBMSCs = rat bone marrow stem cells; SEM = scanning electron microscope; TiO2 = titanium dioxide; WST-1 = 2-(4-iodophenyl)-3-(4-nitrophenyl)-5-(2,4- disulfophenyl)-2H-tetrazolium, monosodium salt.
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