Open Access
Table 5
A point to point summary of ISA95-CTS SMMS challenges, corresponding BCT capabilities for remediation, and examples from the literature.
| ISA95-CTS SMMS challenge |
BCT capability | Example from literature |
|---|---|---|
| System scalability | 1. Trivial consensus protocols 2. Elastic P2P architecture |
Intel's Hyperledger based worldwide ledger can process up to 1500 TPS [41] |
| Interoperability | 1. Syntactic interoperability with universal data through blockchain 2. Semantic interoperability with smart contracts |
Healthcare system legacy dependency and interoperability challenges can be addressed with BCT [42] |
| Data confidentiality | ||
| Information security |
Data in transit
Transport layer encryption with TLS and DTLS |
BCT can protect IoT data transmission channels with TLS and DTLS tunnels [46] |
|
Data at rest
1. Data block content: Full block encryption, partial data tokenization, and highly secure file share 2. Client-side storage: Robust encryption algorithms, hardware-based temper proof, and encrypted storage options 3. Smart contract: Sensitive state data encryption 4. IPFS: Filesystem encryption and individually encrypted files |
Encrypted firmware image and configuration files for IIoT system maintenance and administrative operations can be distributed through blockchain [47] | |
|
Data in use
Homomorphic encryption techniques |
Homomorphic encryption techniques can be applied to BCT [48] | |
| Privacy | ||
| 1. Pseudonymization techniques with reversible de-identification 2. Anonymization techniques with irreversible de-identification |
IBM Hyperledger Fabric with virtual blockchains as channels, PII tokenization, and zero-knowledge proof techniques [50] | |
| Integrity | ||
| 1. Tamper-proof block structure 2. Chained consecutive hashing 3. Transaction signing, ensuring non-repudiation. |
BCT based data protection platform to prevent ransomware attacks [51] | |
| Availability | ||
| 1. No single point of failure 2. Highly distributed infrastructure |
Bitcoin infrastructure managed to endure various cyber-attacks, including DDoS [49] | |
| Traceability | ||
| 1. Every transaction is signed 2. BCT preserves the ledger state and consistency |
BCT based data preservation and management platforms in healthcare, finance, smart manufacturing industries [42,49] | |
| Data quality | 1. Data completeness and compliance: Smart contract implementation of ISA95 data templates 2. Precision and accuracy: High precision and accuracy ensured with BCT 3. Stability and consistency: Guaranteed with robust consensus algorithms and multilayer hashing capabilities 4. Reliability: Asynchronous communication protocols eliminate reliability issues with legacy manufacturing systems |
9 out of 15 data quality characteristics defined by the ISO25012 [53] standard are relevant. in the medical industry, BCT is a recommended technology for the medical industry requiring high precision [55] |
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