Open Access
Table 3
Developmental timelines of representative categories of laser metal AM technologies [95].
| Laser based techniques | 1980 s–2000 s | 2000 s–2020 s |
|---|---|---|
| Laser directed energy deposition (LDED) | Laser cladding of coatings Laser categories: CO2 laser, 10 kW (1986) Nd:YAG laser, 500 W (1995) Diode laser, 940 nm, 1.4 kW (1998) Laser and printing parameters: Typical beam size, 0.6 − 4 mm Energy intensity, ∼104 Building rate, 0.1–4.1 cm3/min |
Laser additive manufacturing Laser categories: Diode laser, 10 kW (2015) Disk laser, 10 kW (2015) Fiber laser, 12 kW (2015) Nd:YAG laser, 4 kW (2016) Laser and printing parameters: Typical beam size, 3–6 mm Energy intensity, ∼105 W/cm2 Building rate, 11.5 cm3/min |
| Laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) | Laser sintering Laser categories: CO2 laser, 100 W (1993) Nd:YAG laser, 100 W (1997) Beam quality factor (CO2 laser): 3-5 mm.mrad Typical beam size, 0.3–0.5 mm Energy intensity,104–105 W/cm2 Building rate, ∼0.2 cm3/min |
Laser melting Laser categories: Disk laser, 1 kW (2011) Fiber laser, 200 W (2012) Green laser, 515 nm, 1 kW (2020) Beam quality factor (Fiber laser): 0.3–4 mm.mrad Typical beam size, 70–200 μm Energy intensity, 106–107 W/cm2 Building rate, ∼1.3 cm3/min |
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