Open Access
Table 4
Issues, reasons, and possible remedy for DED of TiAl alloys.
| Issues | Reasons | Remedy | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| Residual stresses | High thermal gradient and cooling rate, reheating, difference in substrate and layer thermal gradients | Substrate/base plate preheating Additional energy source for melting |
[73,78] |
| Crack initiation/ Solidification cracks | Residual stresses Pores |
Optimum process parameters Post heat treatment processes. |
[2,79–81] |
| Balling | Insufficient energy density to melt the TiAl powder | Process parameters optimization | [8,79,82] |
| Surface roughness | Stair casing effect Improper process parameters |
Optimized process parameters Build orientation Post machining and heat treatment |
[61,83] |
| Porosity | Poor melting between layers Inappropriate process parameters Gas entrapment while atomization process Oxygen pickup during the melting process |
Process parameters optimization HIP process after AM process Gas purification system for atmosphere cleaning |
[2,79,84] |
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