Open Access

Table 4

Retrofitting approaches and applications from empirical studies.

Author Retrofitting approach Retrofitting applications


Starter kit Embedded gateway IoT hardware CPS Machine status Remotely control Predictive maintenance
Stock and Seliger [15]        
Lins, Guerreiro [5]          
Arjoni, Madani [8]        
Ferreira, Albano [82]      
Lins and Oliveira [47]        
Contreras Pérez, Cano Buitrón [6]        
Langmann and Rojas-Pena [83]          
Vachalek, Bartalsky [84]      
Al-Maeeni, Kuhnhen [43]          
Pueo, Santolaria [76]          
Zambetti, Khan [57]        
Guerreiro, Lins [13]        
Di Carlo, Mazzuto [42]        
Niemeyer, Gehrke [85]        
Lima, Massote [86]      
Lins, Augusto Rabelo Oliveira [87]      
Etz, Brantner [41]        
García, Cano [12]        
Herwan, Kano [40]        
Tzou, Fan [55]      
Garcia-Garza, Ahuett-Garza [88]        
Jónasdóttir, Dhanani [89]        
Kancharla, Bekaert [90]          
Tantscher and Mayer [18]          
Schulz [91]          
Kostolani, Murín [92]      
Haskamp, Orth [49]        
Rupprecht, Trunzer [93]        
Ferreira, Arif [94]          
Biesinger, Meike [95]        
Xing, Liu [96]        
Zhong, Wang [97]      
Total 4 8 20 17 22 12 12

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