Comparison of simulated and experimental membrane profiles under operational load. The plots show the deflected cross-section of the membrane under a pressure of 0.1 bar, after the initial hydroforming and springback, (a) for Path A and (b) Path B. The anisotropic simulation (“Sim.”, black line) shows an improved prediction of the geometry in relation to the experimental data (“Exp.”, green line) in comparison with the simplified isotropic model (“Sim.*”, orange line).