Open Access
Review
Table 3
Representative studies of VPP technology.
| Technologies | Challenges | Materials and methods | References |
|---|---|---|---|
| SLA (laser) | Generation of blood vessels remains challenging | Photopolymerizable hydrogels; Using food dye additives as biocompatible photoabsorbers | [47] |
| Photosensitive resin remains not recyclable | Photopolymer resin; New resin derived from renewable lipoates | [48] | |
| Photopolymer resin; Dissociation of the dithioacetal bonds | [49] | ||
| DLP (UV light) | Performance and diversity of printable materials are limited | Zirconate titanate (PZT); 3D lattice with piezoelectric effect | [50] |
| (18C6@K)2ZrCl4Br2; Multimaterial digital light-printing method | [51] | ||
| Metal precursors(Cu, Ni, CuNi, CuNiCoFe, W-Ni); Precursor method | [52] | ||
| Resin precursor; Precursor method | [53] | ||
| Photoresin; Adjusting the light dose | [54] | ||
| TPP (laser) | Low manufacturing speed and efficiency; Limited applications | Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS)resin; Precursor method | [55] |
| CdSe/ZnS, PbS, TiO2 and In2O3; Laser direct printing of inorganic nanomaterials by using colloidal nanocrystals | [56] | ||
| Photopolymer resist; Femtosecond (fs) laser proceeding | [57] | ||
| Photoresin; Metalens-generated focal spot array | [58] | ||
| Acrylate-based photoresist; Femtosecond laser photocuring | [59] | ||
| Acrylic polymer; TPP with postprinting oxygen plasma etching | [60] | ||
| VAM (UV light and laser) | Limitations in speed, geometry, and surface quality | Photosensitive resin; VAM | [63] |
| Photosensitive resin; Two-photon-based 3Dprinting. | [64] | ||
| Photopolymer-silica nanocomposite; Microscale computed axial lithography and tomographically illuminating | [65] | ||
| Photoswitchable photoinitiators; Xolography | [66] | ||
| Bioink; Adaptive and context-aware VAM | [67] | ||
| Photoresin; Digital incoherent synthesis of holographic light fields (DISH) | [68] | ||
| CLIP (UV light) | Low efficiency of particle fabrication | Photopolymerizable resin; Combination single-digit, micron-resolution optics with continuous roll of film | [61] |
| Laser pattern(laser) | Low speed and precision of nanofabrication | Hydrogel with photosensitive species; Femtosecond laser proceeding | [69] |
| Inject+laser?UV light? | Photosensitive resins; Vision-controlled jetting | [70] |
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