EDP Sciences logo
Submit your paper
Search
Menu
Home All issues Volume 6 (2019) Manufacturing Rev., 6 (2019) 26 Full HTML
Open Access
Issue
Manufacturing Rev.
Volume 6, 2019
Article Number 26
Number of page(s) 10
DOI https://doi.org/10.1051/mfreview/2019025
Published online 25 November 2019

© L. Wang et al., Published by EDP Sciences 2019

Licence Creative CommonsThis is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

1 Introduction

Ultrafine serpentine powders have gained increasing interest as reactive media stimulating self-repairing of Fe-based metal surfaces subjected to friction [1–5]. However, natural serpentines are defective as they contain impurity elements such as, Fe, Ni and Al, which could influence self-repairing reactions unpredictably. To deal with this problem, pure synthetic magnesium silicate hydroxide (MSH) has become the constituent of most currently used serpentine powders [6–9]. At the same time, performance of the nanorods of MSH with good crystallinity that can be produced by hydration has been studied in recent year, in surface rubbing situations. It was focused mainly on friction reduction behavior. Its anti-wear performance has, however, not been thoroughly investigated [10–13].

Line-contact friction pairs exist in many types of precision machinery, an example being the roller-vane pairs in air conditioning compressors. Vane wear is a severe problem that directly affects compressor efficiency and significantly determines time to failure. Compressor vanes often work in oil at temperatures ranging from 0 to 110 °C and are subjected to alternating stresses of 0–345 MPa. Failure criteria of a vane is often referred to wear, e.g. 3.0 µm wear after 500 h continuous work. Therefore, level of the wear is an important indicator for judging the vane's performance [14–17].

Previously, significant research had been undertaken with a view to decrease the wear in compressor vanes. Long researched compressor vanes with DLC coatings found the wear can be greatly reduced with such coatings [18]. Chen undertook research on nitrided surfaces and found that both surface hardness and wear resistance are greatly improved [19]. Lee et al. used TiN coating to prolong wear life of the compressor vane and found that this could improve the reliability of the compressor [20]. Until now, nitriding is a traditional method often used for strengthening the surface of the vane. Since the mass-scale synthesis of MSH nanorods has been realized and the manufacturing cost has been lowered, using MSH nanorods as a self-repairing additive to POE oil has become reality [21–25].

In the work described in this article, MSH nanorods were added to POE oil and the formation of the self-repairing layers under rubbing friction was investigated. The dynamic formation of self-repairing films and wear conditions were monitored and the mechanism of self-repairing layer formation was analyzed. The results provide a basis for theoretical modelling and for promoting more extensive industrial utilization of MSH nanorods containing oils used for combating wear in machinery and general engineering devices/equipment.

2 Test apparatus, material and experimental procedure

2.1 Nanorods and oil sample preparation

The MSH nanorods were synthesized by a hydrothermal synthesis process. The specific method is as follows: firstly, mixing MgO with Na2SiO3 in a molar ratio of 3:2 into distilled water, and then, adjusting the pH of the mixture to 13 with NaOH titration solution. The solution was then placed in an autoclave for reaction with a pressure of about 7.0 MPa. The reaction took place at 280 °C for 48 h. After the reaction was completed, the mixture was washed with distilled water until neutral, and finally, it was dried with a dryer at about 100 °C for 12 h. After being dried, as shown in Figure 1a, the product was an aggregate of nanorods. The morphology of the synthesized product is shown in Figure 1a. Results of XRD analysis (Fig. 1b) showed that the nanorods are pure MSH and they have good crystallinity. To obtain good dispersity in the oil, the MSH nanorods were mixed with 1 wt.% oleic acid in a planetary ball-mill at 400 rpm for 24 h to obtain nanorods (Fig. 2). As can be seen from Figure 2, the inner diameter of the nanotubes is 5–10 nm and the outer diameter is about 30–40 nm. The surface-modified MSH nanorods have good dispersity. Finally, ultrasonic dispersion (power 200 W, temperature 50 °C, duration 60 min) was used to further ensure uniform dispersion in the POE oil.

thumbnail Fig. 1

(a). SEM image of MSH nanorods and (b) XRD of MSH nanorods.
thumbnail Fig. 2

TEM images of surface-modified MSH nanorods.

2.2 Experiment

The relative motion of roller-vane friction pairing in the compressor is shown in Figure 3. In order to simulate real working conditions of a vane, a testing apparatus was built (shown in Fig. 4). The apparatus enabled two steel-vanes to be held against a rotating roller in an environment with nanorods-additive containing oil. Firstly, the surface-modified MSH nanorods were dispersed in the POE with a concentration of 1 wt.%. The oil pool was then evacuated and the refrigerant RA410 (HFC) inserted, until the pressure reached 4.15 MPa. The oil was heated to 110 °C and the temperature automatically adjusted to around 110 °C during the whole experiment. Two vanes of untreated 11Cr17 steel with hardness 700 HV were positioned in diametric opposition against the side of the roller, which was made with cast iron with hardness HRC 47-57. The experimental parameters are given in Table 1. On expiration of the experimental time the vanes were cleaned with alcohol.

thumbnail Fig. 3

Relative motion of roller-vane friction pairs.
thumbnail Fig. 4

Experimental apparatus: (a) wear testing machine, (b) oil pool, (c) roller, and (d) assembly model.
Table 1

Experimental parameters.

2.3 Characterization and analysis

Each vane was cut into 5 equal lengths along its bearing surface for examination of element distribution on the substrate and the self-repairing layer for each sample length. Topography, both 2D and 3D, of the self-repairing layers was evaluated and micro-roughness of the self-repairing layers was calculated. For simplicity, vanes A and B are designated A and B for the 18 h and 69 h test, respectively.

The topography and chemical composition of the friction surfaces were obtained using SM-7500-F SEM and XRD-7000, respectively. The Raman spectrum of the developed self-repairing layers was further examined using a HORIBA XploRA PLUS Raman spectrometer, and morphology and composition further checked using an OLYMPUS GX51 metallographic microscope and X 'Pert Pro MPD X-ray with a spectrometer (EDS) diffractometer, respectively. In addition, Vickers Hardness was measured using HVS − 1000 digital display instrument and AFM analysis was used to present the micro-topography.

3 Results and discussion

3.1 Coefficient of friction

Figure 5 shows how the friction coefficient varies with testing time for two experiments. Because of being similar in work conditions, two curves are virtually similar, up to the test time of 18 h. The coefficient begins at a value of about 0.225 and then sharply declines to a value of about 0.10 during the first 60 min. Then the coefficient reduces more gradually to a value of about 0.075 after 18 h (1080 min) testing. Beyond the 18 h testing time the coefficient of the vane B reduces to a value of about 0.07 at 30 h (1800 min) test time and with a slight fluctuation, remains at a value of about 0.075 or less for the remainder of the test.

It is deduced that by prolonging the rubbing time, the coefficient of friction has a declining trend, but the coefficient has a fluctuation in small range towards the end. It is deduced that in the first hour the coefficient sharply decreased from 0.225 to 0.10 for the running-in of the rubbing interface, and fluctuated in a small range throughout the experiment. The friction between the vane-roller is boundary friction and the coefficient of friction is determined by a combination of the fluid friction and the solid friction. The solid friction is greatly influenced by the wear rate and the formation of self-repairing layers. Therefore, the coefficient exhibits a slight fluctuation until the dynamic balance between the wear and new-film formation has been achieved.

thumbnail Fig. 5

Friction coefficient for tests A and B.

3.2 Morphology of vanes

Figure 6 shows the morphology of the worn surface of the two vanes. The width of the worn surface of vane A is about 427 µm, and there is much corrosive pitting in the friction surface. The width of the worn surface on vane B is about 330 µm. The characteristics of the worn surfaces change from one side of the vane to another. The friction surface was divided into two zones, shown in two different colors: the left side of the worn surface is black and the right bright. It seems that some special substance has been laid on the worn surface and there are fewer corrosive pitting points. Since the vane suffers from elastic deformation during the experiment, thermodynamic conditions are different in the left side and the right side of the worn surface, which influences the formation of the self-repairing layers. This is probably why the morphology of the worn surface of B looks different due to the formation of self-repairing layers locally. In the experiment, left side of the surface first contacted with the roller, then the right side. The large area of the self-repairing layers in the right side of the worn surface of B may be a result of good preservation of the layers due to the relatively mild tribological condition. However, the boundary of A is more distinct than that of B.

The EDS result showed that the characteristic elements Mg and Si are contained in the bright region of A (Fig. 7). Since Si may come from the substrate, the presence of the Mg element indicates physical absorption or chemical reaction between MSH and the substrate.

When MSH nanorods were brought into the friction surface through the oil, they were firstly adsorbed onto the friction surface. Then, under the high pressure and high temperature, the MSH nanorods experienced intraformational sliding as well as a phase change. Products from the phase change were sintered on the surface, mixed with the Fe and Fe2O3. The transition region is a region of the mixed substrate and self-repairing layer. At first, the regions are distinct, as for A; with the extension of time, a region of the friction surface becomes covered by the self-repairing layer. The partial covering is manifested by the transition line and two regions on the friction surfaces. The substrate partly covered by the self-repairing layer constituted the transition region on the worn surface of A.

Figure 8 shows the EDS result for B and the point is randomly selected in the friction surface. Since the RA410 is constituted by HFC, despite the element F, the other elements indicate that this is the substrate with carbon-enriched layer. The concentration of C is higher than that in the substrate, and it is deduced that the C is partly from the pyrolysis of the lubricating oil. The Mg element was also found on the surface.

It is deduced that with the extension of time, more self-repairing layers are generated on the friction surface of B but they are not continuous. This phenomenon indicates that under severe working conditions (high temperature, high pressure, line contact), a balance of film-growing and wear is not easy to obtain, and the continuous self-repairing layer is difficult to achieve.

After experiments the vanes were cleaned, dried and weighed on an electronic balance of 0.1 mg accuracy. Each vane was weighed 5 times and the results averaged (Tab. 2).

It is clear that after the experiment vane B was heavier than before and vane A decreased its weight. It seems that the self-repairing layers were generated on vane B, and that although vane A may have some self-repairing layers but their weight was less than the weight of the worn away metal.

thumbnail Fig. 6

Image of the worn surface of samples A and B.
thumbnail Fig. 7

EDS result for vane A.
thumbnail Fig. 8

EDS result for vane B.
Table 2

Mass change of A and B.

3.3 Self-repairing layer

3.3.1 Microstructure of vane A

In order to observe the self-repairing layers from the cross-section, vane A was cut uniformly into 5 segments along axial direction of the rubbing surface (Fig. 9a). After polishing, grinding and corrosion of the cross-section the self-repairing layers were observed through a SEM. For the samples 1–4, morphologies of cross sections are mostly like what seen from the Figure 9b: there are no self-repairing layers observed from the cross-section of these samples. Only sample 5, as shown in Figure 9c, has a thin layer of about 900 nm laid on the friction surface. The layer is continuous and the boundary between the substrate and the layer is not clear. The red line indicates the approximate boundary of the layer, which is not a straight line and follows the contour of the substrate. However, surface of the layer is relatively flat. The morphology indicates that the self-repairing layer is an in situ-layer, and it automatically adapts to the micro-morphology of the substrate. There is no visible crack existing.

Analysis of element distribution is carried out by SEM-EDS. Figure 10 indicates that from the layer to the substrate, C elements decline sharply. Enriched carbon layers are less than 500 nm, which indicates the self-repairing layer has an organic − inorganic composite layer structure. In its surface a thin, enriched carbon layer was generated due to the pyrolysis of lubricating oil. The O element gradually reduced with distance from the layer to substrate where it remained constant. Relating to the result for the Fe element, it is deduced that the self-repairing layers contain iron oxide. When the phase change of MSH occurs, the high-active O produced by the fracture of the hydroxyl will greatly promote iron oxidation, thus, iron oxide participates in the composition of the self-repairing layer. Regarding the characteristic element Mg, coming from the MSH, its content was very small, and therefore, only information concerning the change trend of Mg could be obtained (Fig. 10c). Many of the previous research found no Mg in the self-repairing layers [22–25]. When MSH changes phase, part of the transition products participate in the construction of the self-repairing layer. However, some content is small and it is hard to be detected.

Although vane A loses overall weight, it still has self-repairing layers on the worn surface. The amount of the newly grown layer-materials is, however, not sufficient for compensating for the loss due to wear. The phase change of the MSH was a key factor influencing the generation of the self-repairing layers [26,27].

thumbnail Fig. 9

Images of the cross-sections of vane A.
thumbnail Fig. 10

Elements distribution from the layer to the substrate for vane A.

3.3.2 Microstructure of vane B

Figure 11 shows image of a self-repairing layer viewed from the cross-section of vane B and the line element distribution of the cross-section. Compared with Figure 9c, it is clear that the self-repairing layer generated on the friction surface is thicker. It also has flat surface and its boundary with the substrate is clear. Figure 11 also shows an EDS result, and the element type and change trend are similar to that shown in Figure 9b. These results indicate that with prolonged time, the self-repairing layer becomes denser and thicker, but the composition of the layer material remains the same.

Figure 12 shows the boundary of the working surface and the non-working surface in cross-section. It is clear that the self-repairing layer is only generated on the working surface and its growth depends on the thermodynamic conditions of the friction interface. Therefore, the self-repairing process is in-situ growth of the layer.

thumbnail Fig. 11

Elements distribution from the layer to the substrate for vane B.
thumbnail Fig. 12

SEM image of the worn surface: (a) left side of the worn surface, and (b) right side of the worn surface.

3.3.3 Raman analysis

The substrate and the self-repairing layer were analyzed by Raman spectrometry. The wave length was 532 nm, and the Raman displacement Δν was between 500 and 2000 cm−1. Figure 13a shows the result for the substrates of vanes A and B. The peak corresponds to 1363 cm−1 (D-bond) near the peak of diamond (1332 cm−1), and it is a symbol of the Sp3 bond. Meanwhile, the peak corresponds to 1590 cm−1 and 1573 cm−1 (close to 1580 cm−1, “g-bond”) corresponds to the Sp2 bond, which is graphite carbon. Comparison of the two curves shows that with lengthening time, the C element in the surface began to partly change from orderly carbon (SP2) to disordered carbon (SP3). This means that even although the substrate is not the friction surface, the pyrolysis of lubricating oil will deposit the C element on the surface due to the pressure brought by RA410 refrigerant and the oil. The Raman result proves that the self-repairing layer is an organic-inorganic composite layer, and the first thin-film of the layer is a carbon-enriched film due to the pyrolysis of lubricating oil. The other constructional constituents of the layer need further study.

Figure 13b shows the Raman results for the self-repairing layers of vane A and B. The peak corresponding to 692 cm−1 is Fe3O4. 1390 cm−1(D-bond) and 1466 cm−1 are near the peak of diamond (1332 cm−1) and signifies an Sp3 bond. The peak of 1582 and 1588 cm−1 are near the 1580 cm−1(G-bond), and signifies an Sp2 bond. The peak of 1881 cm−1 is not very clear. Therefore, it can be given no specific meaning.

It is interesting to notice that there is no peak of Fe3O4 in vane A and also in vane B. The reason for the generation of Fe3O4 is not very clear. It was surmised that the generation of Fe3O4 is due to high temperature internal oxidation produced by the phase change of the MSH [28] and further investigation would be needed in order to confirm it. Nevertheless, it is clear that the content of Fe3O4 increases with time. It is thought that, because the phase change of MSH is intensified with the time, more high-active oxygen is released, which takes part in the building of the self-repairing-layer. Possibly, the explanation that the formation of Fe3O4 is the result of the oxidation of highly reactive oxygen, could help to explain why Fe3O4 can be detected by Raman spectrometry, but it needs to be examined further.

thumbnail Fig. 13

Ramen spectrum of vane A and B, (a) is the substrate and (b) is self-repairing layers.

3.3.4 AFM analysis

AFM analysis was used to present the micro-topography of the layers generated on the vane A and B. Figure 14 shows the micro-topography of the self-repairing layers for the worn surfaces of vane A and B respectively. Figure 15 shows the micro-roughness variation along the red lines in the two surfaces.

As can be seen in Figure 14a and b, there were many pits and humps in the worn surface of vane A, while Figure 14c and d show the surface of vane B to be smooth with only a few pits. In addition, the RMS for vane A is 89 nm, which is larger than that for the vane B (65 nm). Large humps appear in the surface of the vane A and the highest hump is 1267 nm, while it is 194 nm only for vane B. This shows, for a longer working time, the self-repairing layer becomes thicker and microscopically smoother, which is also confirmed by a comparison on the roughness shown in Figure 15.

To further determine the distribution of roughness along the affected surfaces, a detailed surface roughness analysis was carried out. Since generation of a self-repairing surface is, normally, localized, the layers are uneven, and the structure varies with location and time, surface roughness was measured and averaged on four different locations of the two vanes, each test length being 1.75 mm. The results are shown in Table 3.

After 18 h working time for the vane A and 69 h for the vane B, the roughness of the worn surface was 0.083 and 0.07 µm respectively for the vane A and B, and the roughness of the substrate surface 0.105 and 0.110 µm, respectively. For the worn surface, although the micro-roughness of the self-repairing layer for the vane B (Fig. 15) could be smaller than that for the vane A, the overall surface roughness was not improved significantly. The result may help to explain why some previous research reported that in similar experiment, the coefficient of friction became even larger when MSH was added into the oil as an additive. It may also mean that in a boundary lubrication, localized generation of the self-repairing layers could result in an increase of the micro-roughness of the worn-surface and hence, increase of the coefficient of friction. It may also be deduced that the use of MSH nanorods as an additive of the lubricating oil could compensate for the wear, and at the same time, reducing-friction and reducing wear are two competing processes, until self-repairing layers cover sufficient area of the wear while their roughness is also reduced due to new wear, which could be achieved by sufficient length of working time of a friction pair.

thumbnail Fig. 14

AFM image of the worn surface layers: (a) and (b) are the worn surface of A, and (c) and (d) are the worn surface of B.
thumbnail Fig. 15

Roughness variation for A and B.
Table 3

Surface roughness of vane A and B.

4 Conclusions

The work described in this article was the first time that the MSH nanorods were used as an additive to the lubricant for compressor vanes. The test was done in simulated conditions relating to domestic air conditioning compressors. Vane/roller friction and wear phenomenon was investigated and self-repairing-layer formation mechanism and structures were studied. The following conclusions may be drawn:

  • With lengthening working time, the width of the worn surface of the compressor vanes tended to decrease, followed by the growth of self-repairing layers on the worn surface locally.

  • With lengthening working time, the self-repairing layer became thicker. EDS showed that element distribution within the layers remained nearly unchanged, regardless of their different morphologies.

  • Raman spectrometry showed that both, the substrate and the worn surface, have enriched carbon layers, and with lengthening working time, C gradually changes from orderly Carbon (SP2) to disorderly Carbon (SP3). This indicates that the layers generated on the friction surface are organic-inorganic composites. Their specific structure and generation of Fe3O4 need to be further studied.

  • With lengthening time, micro-roughness of the layers reduces and surface of the grown layers become flatter. However, macro-roughness remains almost the same because self-repairing layers were generated locally on the rubbing surface.

Acknowledgments

The funding from the Natural Science Foundation of China (Grand numbers 51575369) to support the research reported in this paper is acknowledged. M. Wu acknowledges the support of Post-doctoral Research Foundation of Sichuan University (2018SCU12067).

References

  1. B.S. Xu, Microstructure, mechanical properties and tribological behavior of tribofilm generated from natural serpentine mineral powders as lubricant additive, Wear 297 (2013) 802–810 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  2. X.W. Qi, Characterization and auto-restoration mechanism of nanoscale serpentine powder as lubricating oil additive under high temperature, Tribol. Int. 44 (2011) 805–810 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  3. X.W. Qi, Tribological properties of serpentine nanoparticles as oil additive under different material friction pairs, Adv. Mat. Res. 199 (2011) 1051–1057 [Google Scholar]
  4. B.S. Zhang, B.S. Xu, Lanthanum Effect on the Tribological Behaviors of Natural Serpentine as Lubricant Additive, Tribol. Transac. 56 (2013) 417–427 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  5. B. Zhang, The effect of magnesium hydroxysilicate on the friction resistance of nodular cast iron and its self-repairing properties, J. Silicate 37 (2009) 40–50 [Google Scholar]
  6. Q.Y. Chang, The synthesis of magnesium silicate hydroxide with different morphologies and the comparison of their tribological properties, Tribol. Int. 119 (2018) 672–679 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  7. Y. Han, Synthesis of Chrysotile Used in Lubricant Additives, Bull. Chin. Ceram . Soc. 36 (2017) 3047–3052 [Google Scholar]
  8. Z.N. Jia, Y.L. Yang, J.J. Chen, Influence of serpentine content on tribological behaviors of PTFE/serpentine composite under dry sliding condition, Wear 268 (2010) 996–1001 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  9. G.Z. Zhu, Antiwear and Self-repairing Mechanisms of Magnesium Hydroxysilicate Composite Powder as a Lubricating Oil Additive for Steel-Steel Pair, Tribology 32 (2012) 183–188 [Google Scholar]
  10. H. Yang, Study on Tribological Behavior of Mg6Si4O10(OH)8 Additive Package with Steel Tribo-Pair, Tribology 25 (2005) 308–311 [Google Scholar]
  11. L. Qing, The research progress of hydroxysilicate as a self-repairing lubricant additive, Bull. Chinese Ceram. Soc. 30 (2011) 840–844 [Google Scholar]
  12. Y. Z. Lee, Friction and wear of the rotary compressor vane-vane surfaces for several sliding conditions, Wear 255 (2003) 1168–1173 [CrossRef] [Google Scholar]
  13. S.L. Huang, Performance analysis on restoration layer of metallic surface induced by machinery, China Surf. Eng. 29 (2016) 6–16 [Google Scholar]
  14. J. Wen, Friction and wear behavior of rotor compressor and anti-friction technology, Home Appliance Technol. 09 (2009) 62–64 [Google Scholar]
  15. F. Tian, Simulation analysis of friction power and sliding plate of vane compressor, Fluid Mach. 09 (2005) 14–16 [Google Scholar]
  16. H.X. He, Analysis and test of pressure and power of vane air compressor, J. Mech. Eng. 04 (2006) 76–81 [Google Scholar]
  17. Y. Gang, Study on radial clearance leakage of rotor in rolling rotor compressor, Fluid Mach. 09 (2005) 72–75 [Google Scholar]
  18. C.X. Long, Application of DLC film vane in rotary compressor, [A] Academic annual meeting of China institute of refrigeration, 2011 [Google Scholar]
  19. X. Chen, The surface treatment for the vane in R410A air compressor, Shanghai Jiaotong University, 2008, 20–25 [Google Scholar]
  20. Z. Li, The application of wear-resisting self-lubricating DLC coating on air source heat pump water heater compressor, Refrig. Air-Condition. 15 (2015) 58–60 [Google Scholar]
  21. Z. Haiyan, Study on the preparation and absorption properties of magnesium hydroxysilicate nanorods, J. Synth. Cryst. 44 (2015) 2908–2911 [Google Scholar]
  22. F. Gao, In situ surface modification and secondary surface modification of magnesium hydroxysilicate, China Surf. Eng. 23 (2010) 82–85 [Google Scholar]
  23. H.L. Mei, Nano-hydroxysilicate was prepared by anti-phase microemulsion, Mater. Rev. 26 (2012) 86–88 [Google Scholar]
  24. M. Wen, Preparation and characterization of magnesium hydroxysilicate micropowder, Mater. Rev. 24 (2010) 135–138 [Google Scholar]
  25. J.Y. Yun, The frictional properties of synthetic serpentine, J. Anshan 38 (2015) 18–21 [Google Scholar]
  26. Z. Fuyan, Preparation and friction properties of serpentine /La composite powder, J. Chinese Ceram. Soc. 40 (2012) 126–130 [Google Scholar]
  27. Y. Xu, Thermodynamics and tribological properties of lanthanum/serpentine composite lubricating materials, Sci. Eng. Powder Metall. Mater. 16 (2011) 349–354 [Google Scholar]
  28. Y.S. Jin, The oxidation effect of serpentine in the iron fund is the effect of the self-healing layer of the wear surface, China Surf. Eng. 23 (2010) 23–33 [Google Scholar]

Cite this article as: Libo Wang, Yi Yang, Yi Qin, Gang Yang, Yuan Qin, Mingxia Wu, Self-repairing mechanism and surface characterization of compressor vanes lubricated with oil added with magnesium silicate hydroxide nanorods, Manufacturing Rev. 6, 26 (2019)

All Tables

Table 1

Experimental parameters.

In the text
Table 2

Mass change of A and B.

In the text
Table 3

Surface roughness of vane A and B.

In the text

All Figures

thumbnail Fig. 1

(a). SEM image of MSH nanorods and (b) XRD of MSH nanorods.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 2

TEM images of surface-modified MSH nanorods.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 3

Relative motion of roller-vane friction pairs.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 4

Experimental apparatus: (a) wear testing machine, (b) oil pool, (c) roller, and (d) assembly model.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 5

Friction coefficient for tests A and B.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 6

Image of the worn surface of samples A and B.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 7

EDS result for vane A.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 8

EDS result for vane B.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 9

Images of the cross-sections of vane A.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 10

Elements distribution from the layer to the substrate for vane A.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 11

Elements distribution from the layer to the substrate for vane B.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 12

SEM image of the worn surface: (a) left side of the worn surface, and (b) right side of the worn surface.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 13

Ramen spectrum of vane A and B, (a) is the substrate and (b) is self-repairing layers.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 14

AFM image of the worn surface layers: (a) and (b) are the worn surface of A, and (c) and (d) are the worn surface of B.
In the text
thumbnail Fig. 15

Roughness variation for A and B.
In the text

Current usage metrics show cumulative count of Article Views (full-text article views including HTML views, PDF and ePub downloads, according to the available data) and Abstracts Views on Vision4Press platform.

Data correspond to usage on the plateform after 2015. The current usage metrics is available 48-96 hours after online publication and is updated daily on week days.

Initial download of the metrics may take a while.