A review on low-density steels: effect of processing techniques and parameters on microstructure, and mechanical properties

Open Access

Review

Table 4

Shows process parameters and media used for the fabrication of LDS using mechanical milling.

Alloy composition	Milling time (hr)	Ball-topowder weight ratio	Rotation speed (rpm)	Process control agent	Milling atmosphere	Materials of grinding ball and vials	Reference
Fe_2−Zn_3−Al 5 (x=1, 3, 5, y = 7, 10, 13, 21)	8	N/A	N/A	N/A	Argon gas	Stainless steel	[130]
Fe e_100−x Al_c x= 50, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, and 60	36	4:1	N/A	N/A	Argon gas	Tungsten carbide	[131]
Fe−Ti−Al	100	10:1	150	None	Argon gas	304 stainless steel	[132]
Al₃₃ Fe₃ Ti₂ Cr₂	1−16	5:1	N/A	None	Argon gas	Stainless steel	[109]
Fe−28Al	25	10:1	700		Argon gas	Hardened steel	[133]
45Fe−45Al5Ti−5C, 35Fe−35Al−15Ti−15C	N/A	15:1	N/A	5% ethanol	Argon gas	N/A	[100]
Fe−50Al	1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 30 and 50	8:1	300	N/A	Nitrogen	Stainless steel	[101]
Fe−5Al	0.25−100	50:1	300	N/A	Argon gas	Hardened steel	[122]
Fe−40Al−5Cr	5−80	10:1	700	None	Argon gas	Hardened steel	[117]
Fe₃ Al/TiC	1−20	30:1	300		Argon gas	Hardened chromium steel	[134]
Al₁₃ Fe₄/Al	8	N/A	300	4% ethanol	Argon gas	Hardened steel	[99]
Fe−Al coated on lowcarbon steel	1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10	10:1	200	None	Argon gas	Tungsten carbide	[98]
Fe−20Al	1, 2, 3, 10, and 20 with a stay of 10	30:1		N/A	Argon gas	Stainless steel	[124]
	mins for every 30 mins milling interval
Fe−25Al0.2B	40	12:1	700	N/A	Argon gas	Hardened steel	[135]
Fe−40Al	20	10:1	300	Toluene	Argon gas	Stainless steel	[12]
Al−10Si21Fe and Al20Si−16Fe	8	30:1	300	N/A	Argon gas	AISI 420 stainless steel	[53]
Fe−10Al	10, 30, 70, 100 and 150	10:1	120	1 wt.% stearic acid	Argon gas	N/A	[119]
Fe75Al25	40	10:1	300	Toluene	Argon gas	Hardened chrome steel	[136]
_x B_x(x=0, 5, 9, 12)
Fe-20 Al-20 Si	0.5 to 24 h	60:1for 5 g and 1: 15 for 20 g	400	None	Argon gas	AISI 420 stainless steel	[138]
Fe-20 Al-20 Si	1, 2, 4, 6 and 8	60:1	400		Argon gas	AISI 420 stainless steel	[138]
Fe₂₀ Al₂₀ Si	4	70:1	400		Argon gas	N/A	[108]
Fe₂₀ Al₅ Si	10	15:1	400		Argon gas	N/A	[139]
Fe₆₀ Al₄₀	1, 2, 4, 6 and 8	10:1	195	2.5% stearic acid	Argon gas	Hardened steel	[140]
Fe-4Mn-9Al0.3C	50	10:1	300	Toluene	Argon gas	Stainless steel	[141]

Note: N/A = Not available.

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