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Table 1
CGDS coating build-up stages and its V p and V c relationship.
Initial stage /first stage | Second stage | Third stage |
---|---|---|
Delay time or induction time. This is the time interval at the start of surface treatment when the particle flows and at the commencement of particle/substrate adhesion [17]. | First thin layer coating occurs at this stage. Plastic deformation and adhesion of particles onto the substrate occur | Surface interaction occurs at this stage. The deposition formed in the previous stage interact with the current particles. This stage is characterized by the build-up coating layers [17], |
If V
p
< V
c
, the particles jump off the substrate surface [69]. If V p = V c , erosion occurs at the substrate surface without any evidence of deposition |
V c depends on the particle/ substrate combinations [70]. | V c at this stage involves the combination of particle/ substrate impact where both the powder materials and the substrate are of the same composition. |
As shown in Figure 7, three velocity regions are evident: V
cr1, V
cr2 and V
p
[17]. If V p < V cr1, multiple particles impact the substrate before adhesion can occur. |
If V cr1 < V p < V cr2, then adhesion occurs after some time. V p > V cr2 (850 m/s), particles adhesion rapidly occurs. | Higher erosion occurs due to up-limit velocity at this stage. If up-limit velocity is greater than V p , build-up coating is achieved. The up-limit velocity of most powder particles is greater than 1000 m/s [70]. |
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